Response of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentals. Identification of thrips species and resistance of frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. Frankliniella occidentalis 2002 eppo bulletin wiley. Ctenidia present on tergite viii and it lies anterior to spiracle. This species can only be identified with certainty under a microscope, but the presence of large numbers of thrips in blossoms is a strong indicator of f. Thermoregulatory response of frankliniella occidentalis. Thripidae originated in western north america and has since become a major pest of vegetables, fruit and ornamental crops across the us and around the world. Direct feeding damage causes loss of photosynthetic capacity, growth retardation, destruction of buds and flowers, and malformations of fruit rosenheim et al.
Repellency of essential oils to frankliniella occidentalis. Prey suitability of western flower thrips, frankliniella. Pronotum with 2 pairs of large setae on anterior margin. Thripidae to malathion, spinosad, and bifenthrin in blackberry crops. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips cabi. The western flower thrips, however, is considered the most important vector. Frankliniella occidentalis an overview sciencedirect. Collect adult thrips from the test locality by sampling flowers and shaking them into a clean plastic bag to dislodge the thrips. A necrosis disease of chrysanthemum caused by tomato spotted wilt virus was reported in recent years in tamil nadu, a southern state of india. Flower thrips frankliniella tritici western flower thrips wft frankliniella occidentalis onion or tobacco thrips thrips tabaci table 2. Frankliniella invasor browse species thrips of california. The maxillae then ingest the fluids from the cells, but not directly from the vascular tissue. Maria elena garrido cinthia pichincura pedro rain mirko huichaqueo. Whether frankliniella occidentalis, the vector of tswv is associated with the disease was looked into by.
Attraction effect of different colored cards on thrips. Population abundance of frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. The commercially available biological control agents and the western flower thrips life stages that are susceptible to predation are presented in figure 1. Thrips populations, mainly of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, have notably increased over the past decades, thus facilitating the emergence of the thrips transmitted tospoviruses prins and goldbach, 1998. Under laboratory conditions, mechanical inoculation with crude plant extracts is efficiently performed. Pdf identification of thrips species and resistance of. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis p. Thripidae, by plant extracts on strawberry in greenhouse conditions leila kiani, mohsen yazdanian, bahram tafaghodinia and mohammad hassan sarayloo department of plant protection, faculty of plant production, gorgan university of. Pdf evaluation of host plants for the production of the thrips.
S withinplant and temporal distribution of nymphal and. Thripidae, was first described in california in 1895, and since the 1970s, it had invaded much of the world and became dominant population in most of the areas where it had been introduced kirk and terry 2003, morse and hoddle 2006. Since the 1970s frankliniella occidentalis has successfully invaded many countries. Thrips management in greenhouses fact sheet fs762 2012 of the many species of thrips commonly found in greenhouses, flower thrips frankliniella tritici, western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis and chilli thrips scirtothrips dorsalis are most problematic. Spatial and temporal distribution of potential thrips accumulated generations in the southeastern united states using predictions from the weather research and forecasting wrf model and the base temperature requirement for tobacco thrips frankliniella fusca and western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis for 2007 olatinwo et al. Effec of using certified virusfree cuttings, mulching and floating.
Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis in hydroponic lettuce submitted august 31 2011 the purpose of this report is to summarise a series of trials which have developed tools for managing western flower thrips wft and, therefore, the serious disease tomato spotted wilt virus tswv in hydroponic lettuce crops. Plaques with welldefined microtrichia white arrows on abdominal segment viii larval frankliniella occidentalis or frankliniella bispinosa. The spread of western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Once tswv is acquired by an efficient vector, the thrips will transmit the virus for its entire life. A key to common thrips pests of crops in florida 1. Nmr metabolomics of thrips frankliniella occidentalis. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Adult females lay individual eggs on the small fruit inside of the flower resulting in halo spots. Because this sluggish thrips feeds openly on the underside of leaves, it is controlled by thorough coverage with insecticidal soap or oil.
Setae arising from tergites on abdominal segment ix blunt black arrows adult frankliniella bispinosa or frankliniella schultzei. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande 1 source. The western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis originates in western usa but has spread, since 1970, into many countries in asia, africa, central and south america, europe and oceania. Taqman realtime quantitative pcr for identification of. Bleaching and stippling on viburnum foliage infested with greenhouse thrips.
General information about frankliniella occidentalis franoc. Evaluation of host plants for the production of the thrips frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. It directly damages crops through feeding, oviposition activity or transmission of several plant viruses. Particles are spherical, and membranebound, occurring singly or in clusters.
Chilli thrips scirtothrips dorsalis gladiolus thrips thrips simplex privet thrips dendothrips ornatus weeping fig thrips gynaikothrips uzeli western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis authors. Cloning of a new hsp70 gene from western flowerthrips. Capture of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, on yellow or violet traps of four different shapes when placed in front of plywood frames painted violet, blue, green, or yellow as background colors was studied in a cucumber greenhouse in 1988. An evaluation of frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. Wallis test, followed by distributionfree multiple comparison. Ir4 ornamental horticulture program thrips efficacy. Hsp70 is the most important member of the heat shock protein hsp family and plays an important role in insect thermal tolerance. Pdf new record of western flower thrips, frankliniella. Thripidae, is a worldwide invasive agricultural pest that is now distributed from northern temperate zones to. The western flower thrips is a major agricultural and garden pest, affecting hundreds of cultivated and weedy species.
Jun 16, 2008 frankliniella occidentalis is a highly polyphagous insect with a wide host range, feeding on more than 240 plant species in 62 different plant families, including ornamentals, fruits, vegetables and many agricultural crops. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is an economically important pest in field crops and greenhouses and it is the most efficient vector of tomato spotted wilt virus tswv, the type species of the genus tospovirus. Frankliniella occidentalis pergande is an invasive pest that endangers a wide variety of horticultural and agronomic crops. Frankliniella occidentalis is very similar to frankliniella borinquen with differences in the shape of pedicel of antennal segment iii frankliniella borinquen has a pedicel swollen, with edged ring surmounted by a distinctive swelling and a slightly flared collar. Pdf evaluation of host plants for the production of the. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, and onion thrips, thrips tabaci, are both important polyphagous pests of vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouses.
Biological control of western flower thrips was sought by the use of orius laevigatus, an anthocorid bug indigenous to the uk. Life cycle of adult thrips stage duration of temperatures between 68 and 98 f egg 24 days 1st instar 12 days 2nd instar 24 days prepupal 12 day pupal days adult 3045 days. This makes the image easier to reuse and more languageneutral, and makes the text easier to process and search for. Pdf distribucion del trips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Methods for collecting and rearing thrips thysanoptera. Feb 09, 2015 the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Some of these compounds can increase the trap capture of these thrips species in both commercial greenhouses and broad acre commercial crops where these species are considered pests. Pdf the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. This species of thrips is native to the southwestern united states but has spread to other continents, including europe, australia where it was identified in may 1993, and south america via transport of infested plant material. Formas del genero frankliniella presentes en tenancingo y villa guerrero. However, this species is variable in size and colour, the dark brown form being more common at low temperatures, and the pale yellow form at higher temperatures, but. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips, the most important pest. Adult thrips may be collected and transferred from the bag using an aspirator.
Pdf abstract frankliniella occidentalis is one of the major crop pests in cut flowers in. In this study, we investigated thrips resistance in f 2 hybrids of senecio jacobaea and senecio aquaticus. Although 230 frankliniella species are currently listed, most are known only from the neotropics, and no member of the genus is native to africa or australia. General efficacy summary on western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis across infestation levels, crops, application types and application rates marigold, continued 18 table 7. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, which originated from western north america, has invaded much of the agricultural world since the 1970s, and in so doing, has become a dominant thrips species. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande1 edis. Aug 23, 2010 western flower thrip frankliniella occidentalis is a major global pest of agricultural products. Rearing methods were successfully devised for this species and glasshouse trials on cucumbers and peppers were conducted. Influence of trap shape, size, and background color on. Two frankliniella species are widespread around the world, f. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams.
Frankliniella species all have a pair of setae in front of the first ocellus. Aside from damage due to feeding, its ability to act as a vector for viruses makes it particularly problematic. Management of frankliniella occidentalis western flower. Frankliniella occidentalis the western flower thrips this is a medium sized species 1. Media in category frankliniella occidentalisthe following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total. Thripidae, on flowers and foliage of greenhouse impatiens, impatiens wallerana, and implications for pest population sampling todd a. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Western flower thrip frankliniella occidentalis stock. Frankliniella occidentalis as well as frankliniella schultzei and frankliniella. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and olfactory cues associated with their foraging behaviors. Predaceous mites can be purchased and released to kill thrips. Response of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentals and its predator amblyseius cucumeris to chrysanthemum volatiles in olfactometer and greenhouse trials volume 18 issue 2 m. The frankliniella occidentalis pergande complex in california. Abstract populations of the invasive frankliniella occidentalis pergande are serious pests of agricultural.
Difficulties in biological control of these pests have prompted a search for new natural enemies. Insecticide resistance management strategies against the. Along with the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, tswv is also vectored by other thrips species present in hawaii including yellow flower thrips frankliniella schultzei, onion thrips thrips tabaci, and chili thrips scirtothrips dorsalis. Competitive interaction between frankliniella occidentalis. Find the perfect western flower thrip frankliniella occidentalis stock photo. Insects free fulltext behavioral responses of western. Chemical control is the most frequently used method for the control of wft, but their cryptic nature, which protects them from contact. Biological control agents for western flower thrips. Frankliniella fusca an overview sciencedirect topics. The western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande is an invasive pest insect in. General efficacy summary on western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis across infestation.
A photobased key of thrips thysanoptera associated with. Thysanoptera, thripidae bryan, douglas everett, smith, ray f. In this study, the distance traveled by wft to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. We identified thripsresistant hybrids applying three different bioassays. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis management. Population dynamics of frankliniella occidentalis pergande. The numbers of thrips attracted to the cards varied among the colors figs 1 and 2. Chemical treatment of corn seed for control of trips frankliniella. Jul 10, 2009 comparative life history studies of frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci thysanoptera. It was not possible to obtain full establishment of o. The western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande is an invasive pest insect in agriculture. Wft is extremely polyphagous, attacking a wide range of host plants in both field and greenhouse production systems. S rna and m rna are ambisense, while l rna is of negative polarity.
First record of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. However, they will attack only larval thrips and are not effective for preventing the damage caused by the ovipositing female. Attribution information, such as the authors name, email, website, or signature, that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata andor image description page. Anthocoridae for the control of frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber and. Thripidae as a vector of the tomato spotted wilt virus in pepper y olanda a vila 1, j ulianne s tavisky 1, s ara h ague, j oe f underburk 1, s tuart r eitz 2 and t im m omol 1 1 north florida research and education center, university of florida, 155 research road, quincy, fl 32351 2. Evaluation of orius species for biological control of frankliniella. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips in the. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Thripidae is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide kirk, 2002. Development of ipm strategies and tools for western flower. Little is known about host plant resistance to thrips. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. Eleven species of phytoseiid mites, the eulophid ceranisus menes walker, and various anthocorid bugs were reared in the laboratory, together with f.
Western flower thrips wft is the primary thrips species encountered by greenhouse producers and is extremely polyphagous, feeding on a widevariety of horticultural crops grown in both commercial and research greenhouses brodsgaard. Mar 31, 2012 the frankliniella occidentalis pergande complex in california. Pdf control biologico del trips frankliniella occidentalis. Jan 24, 2009 western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis has become a key insect pest of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Sampling withinplant and temporal distribution of nymphal and adult western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera.
The most severe outcome of the widespread interspecific competition that occurs between invasive organisms and their local congeners is species displacement. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande 4 biology and behavior western flower thrips has a punchingsucking feeding habit, using the mandible to punch a hole into the host and then inserting the maxillae into the opening. It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses morse and hoddle, 2006. Effectiveness of orius laevigatus hem anthocoridae for. The control clear cards were unattractive to thrips less than 2 and 1. In northern european countries, it is a pest mainly in glasshouses, but in southern regions, it is a field pest, found even on fruit trees. Feeding by the adults and larvae can result in flecking on the surface of fruit and under heavy infestations, fruit deformity. Thripidae or western flower thrips wft, has become a global pest of economic importance. Scientific name, predator type, and comments associated with commercially available biological control agents of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis. Tomato spotted wilt virus tswv and thrips vectors tomato spotted wilt virus tswv is the type member of the genus tospovirus, family bunyaviridae. Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings.
Pdf sampling for estimating frankliniella species flower. Among traps with cubic, spherical, rectangular prism, or cylindrical shapes of approximately the same surface. Thripidae, is one of the most serious insect pests of ornamental crops worldwide robb et al. Frankliniella occidentalis wikibooks, open books for an.
Control biologico del trips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Life history and life tables of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. Rna interference tools for the western flower thrips. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips.